Q: - Tell me the steps to remove the swap file?
Firstly disable the swap file by “swapoff” command.
Remove Swap file entry from /etc/fstab file.
Now remove the swap file by “rm” command.
Q: - What can we do with “parted” command or utility?
- View the existing partition table
- Add partitions from free space or additional hard drives
- Change the size of existing partitions
Check the following file.
#cat /proc/misc
Firstly disable the swap file by “swapoff” command.
Remove Swap file entry from /etc/fstab file.
Now remove the swap file by “rm” command.
Q: - What can we do with “parted” command or utility?
- View the existing partition table
- Add partitions from free space or additional hard drives
- Change the size of existing partitions
Q: - How we will check free space on drive /dev/sda with parted command?
#parted /dev/sda
#parted /dev/sda
print
Q: - Can we resize the size of a partition?
Yes, we can resize the size of partition by “parted” command.
#parted /dev/sda
Yes, we can resize the size of partition by “parted” command.
#parted /dev/sda
print
To resize the partition, use the resize command followed by the minor number for the partition, the starting place in megabytes, and the end place in megabytes. For example:
resize 3 1024 2048
After resizing the partition, use the print command to confirm that the partition has been resized correctly, is the correct partition type, and is the correct file system type.
Q: - What is LVM?
LVM stands for Logical Volume Manager. LVM, is a storage management solution that allows administrators to divide hard drive space into physical volumes (PV), which can then be combined into logical volume groups (VG), which are then divided into logical volumes (LV) on which the filesystem and mount point are created.
LVM stands for Logical Volume Manager. LVM, is a storage management solution that allows administrators to divide hard drive space into physical volumes (PV), which can then be combined into logical volume groups (VG), which are then divided into logical volumes (LV) on which the filesystem and mount point are created.
Q: - What are the steps to create LVM?
- Create physical volumes by “pvcreate” command
- Create physical volumes by “pvcreate” command
#pvcreate /dev/sda2
- Add physical volume to volume group by “vgcreate” command
- Add physical volume to volume group by “vgcreate” command
#vgcreate VLG0 /dev/sda2
- Create logical volume from volume group by “lvcreate” command.
- Create logical volume from volume group by “lvcreate” command.
#lvcreate -L 1G -n LVM1 VLG0
Now create file system on /dev/sda2 partition by “mke2fs” command.
Now create file system on /dev/sda2 partition by “mke2fs” command.
#mke2fs -j /dev/VLG0/LVM1
Q: - What is the difference between LVM and RAID?
RAID provides redundancy but LVM doesn’t provide Redundancy.
RAID provides redundancy but LVM doesn’t provide Redundancy.
Q: - What are LVM1 and LVM2?
LVM1 and LVM2 are the versions of LVM.
LVM2 uses device mapper driver contained in 2.6 kernel version.
LVM 1 was included in the 2.4 series kernels.
LVM1 and LVM2 are the versions of LVM.
LVM2 uses device mapper driver contained in 2.6 kernel version.
LVM 1 was included in the 2.4 series kernels.
Q: - What is Volume group (VG)?
The Volume Group is the highest level abstraction used within the LVM. It gathers together a collection of Logical Volumes and Physical Volumes into one administrative unit.
The Volume Group is the highest level abstraction used within the LVM. It gathers together a collection of Logical Volumes and Physical Volumes into one administrative unit.
Q: - What is physical extent (PE)?
Each physical volume is divided chunks of data, known as physical extents; these extents have the same size as the logical extents for the volume group.
Each physical volume is divided chunks of data, known as physical extents; these extents have the same size as the logical extents for the volume group.
Q: - What is logical extent (LE)?
Each logical volume is split into chunks of data, known as logical extents. The extent size is the same for all logical volumes in the volume group.
Each logical volume is split into chunks of data, known as logical extents. The extent size is the same for all logical volumes in the volume group.
Q: - Explain LVM snapshot?
LVM snapshots allow the administrator to create a new block device which presents an exact copy of a logical volume, frozen at some point in time.
LVM snapshots allow the administrator to create a new block device which presents an exact copy of a logical volume, frozen at some point in time.
Q: - How you will check on Your server or system device-mapper is installed or not?
Check the following file.
#cat /proc/misc
if this file contains "device-mapper" term it means device mapper is installed on your system.
Q: - How are snapshots in LVM2 different from LVM1?
In LVM2 snapshots are read/write by default, whereas in LVM1, snapshots were read only.
In LVM2 snapshots are read/write by default, whereas in LVM1, snapshots were read only.
Q: - What is the maximum size of a single LV?
For 2.4 based kernels, the maximum LV size is 2TB.
For 32-bit CPUs on 2.6 kernels, the maximum LV size is 16TB.
For 64-bit CPUs on 2.6 kernels, the maximum LV size is 8EB.
For 2.4 based kernels, the maximum LV size is 2TB.
For 32-bit CPUs on 2.6 kernels, the maximum LV size is 16TB.
For 64-bit CPUs on 2.6 kernels, the maximum LV size is 8EB.
Q: - If a volume group named as VG0 already exists but i need to extend this volume group up to 4GB.Explain all steps?
Firstly create Physical volume (/dev/sda7) of size 4GB.
Firstly create Physical volume (/dev/sda7) of size 4GB.
Now run following command.
vgextend VG0 /dev/sda7
vgextend VG0 /dev/sda7
but i want to remove /dev/sda7 pv from this VG0?
vgreduce VG0 /dev/sda7
vgreduce VG0 /dev/sda7
Q: - Which command is used to extend a logical volume?
lvextend --size +<addsize> /dev/<vgname>/<lvname>
lvextend --size +<addsize> /dev/<vgname>/<lvname>
resize2fs /dev/<vgname>/<lvname>
Q: - Tell me all steps to remove a LVM?
To remove a logical volume from a volume group, first unmount it with the umount command:
To remove a logical volume from a volume group, first unmount it with the umount command:
umount /dev/<vgname>/<lvname>
and then use the lvremove command:
lvremove /dev/<vgname>/<lvname>
Q: - Which command is used to create LVM Snapshot?
vcreate --size <size> -s -n <snapshotname> <lvname>
vcreate --size <size> -s -n <snapshotname> <lvname>
The lvcreate command is used to create a new logical volume, meaning there must be
free physical extents in the logical volume group to create a snapshot. The -s option
means that the LV is a snapshot, <snapshotname> is the name of the new LV created, and
<lvname> is the name of the LV from which to create the snapshot.
free physical extents in the logical volume group to create a snapshot. The -s option
means that the LV is a snapshot, <snapshotname> is the name of the new LV created, and
<lvname> is the name of the LV from which to create the snapshot.
Q: - Is there any relation between modprobe.conf file and network devices?
Yes, This file assigns a kernel module to each network device.
Yes, This file assigns a kernel module to each network device.
For Example :-
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/modprobe.conf
alias eth0 b44
[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/modprobe.conf
alias eth0 b44
Here b44 is the kernel module for network device eth0.
We can Confirm by following command (This module “b44” is present or not).
[root@localhost ~]# lsmod |grep b44
b44 29005 0
Q: - What is the location of "network" file and what does this contains?
location :- /etc/sysconfig/network
location :- /etc/sysconfig/network
This file contains following fields
NETWORKING=yes
NETWORKING_IPV6=no
HOSTNAME=localhost.localdomain
NETWORKING_IPV6=no
HOSTNAME=localhost.localdomain
Q: - What is the role of /etc/resolv.conf file?
In this file we sets the DNS servers (using their IP addresses) and the search domain. The values of the DNS servers are often added when the network is activated because the data can be provided by DHCP or a similar service.
In this file we sets the DNS servers (using their IP addresses) and the search domain. The values of the DNS servers are often added when the network is activated because the data can be provided by DHCP or a similar service.
Q: - Which deamon is required to start Network services?
network
network
/etc/init.d/network start
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